WWI+-+Homefront+Changes


 * __France:__**
 * German occupation of France's most productive industrial region in the northeast deprived the nation of vital resources and factories.
 * The growing dependence on foreign sources of raw materials & food stuffs impelled the governments of France and Britain to borrow the securities of foreign governments and private corporations held by their citizens. They then resold these securities on the open market & used the proceeds to purchase essential products in neutral countries such as the US, Switzerland, & Scandinavian and Latin American nations.
 * The wartime needs of the state replaced the free market as the mechanism for the allocation of scarce resources, labor, and capital.
 * After the Russian withdrawal, iron resources of Ukraine were added to those of French Lorraine.

Homefront changes
 * __Austria:__**
 * Industries were changed to create weapons
 * Economic crisis when Slavs and Romanians were unhappy with the war
 * Russia's occupancy of their bread basket and conscription caused grain shortage
 * Two meatless days per week and inflation angered citizens
 * Price riots
 * War broke out within the country as a result of inflation mainly and hunger

3 major points:
 * __England:__**
 * The Role of Women
 * July 19th 1917: British House of Commons voted by 385 to 55 to accept the Representation of the People's Bill's Women's Suffrage Clause. This was astonishing considering that an all-male Parliament voted in favor of women's suffrage. A majority of 330 was instrumental in the bill's passage in the House of Lords.
 * Women worked under harsh coniditions in the fields of argiculture, in order to provide food to the Allied troops, and male-dominated industry, at times involving the production of munitions.
 * Rationing and the DORA
 * The British began rationing supplies & food toward the end of WWI in response to German U-Boat attacks.
 * Rationing was enacted by the __Defence of Realm Act__ (DORA) to ensure food shrotages wouldn't occur.
 * At the beginning of the war, a state of fear was created, forcing British homes to hoard food and supplies. Consumers were buying more than the market had to offer.
 * Britain imported much food from North America, until 1917 in which the safety of merchant ships was compromised by German U-Boats.
 * April 16 - Britain had enough food supplies for only 6 weeks.
 * Coal rationing began.

**USA Homefront Changes Before, During, and directly After WWI ** **Summary ** **· The American Home Front was principally characterized by an increase in the number of women in the workforce. Many occupied the positions in factories that the men had had. ** **o Rosy the Riveter ** **o For the first time, even African American women were allowed to work in cafeterias or other such facilities ** **· There was extensive propaganda for patriotism: ** **o Americans were encouraged to buy Liberty Bonds, or war bonds sold to support the allied cause. ** **o There were also promotions for victory gardens, which were used mainly to lessen the pressure on the public food supply and raise morale—they were supposed to empower the people, to make them feel like they were contributing to the war effort. ** <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 5; text-indent: -0.25in;">**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">· Rationing was used extensively. There were certain days of the week in which no wheat or gas were supposed to be used: called “Fuel-less Sundays” and "Wheat-less Mondays" ** <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 5; text-indent: -0.25in;">**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">· Territorial Changes: ** <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: auto auto auto 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-indent: -0.25in;">**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">o The US did not gain or lose any territory throughout the war, but one of the main effects of the conflict was that the US was able to take the place of the leading European nations as the principle world power. Most countries involved were holistically weak at best at the war’s conclusion, but the US was able to profit off the war, and therefore it could even be said that she emerged as a stronger nation than when she entered. **
 * __United States:__**
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Government increased taxes to raise $9 billion
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">American were supposed to support the war effort by purchasing ‘Liberty Bonds’, which raised another 15 billion
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lever Act---Established the food Administration
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Americans save food so it can be shipped overseas
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">‘War Gardens’ were created to provide extra fruit and vegetables for the people on the home front, thereby saving food at the market so it could be dispensed to troops
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Various prohibitions were set up to restrict the sale/use of grain
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">18th Amendment in 1917--- Banned the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">German culture was repressed in American society
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hamburgers were renamed ‘Salisbury Steak'
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The speaking of the German language in public was banned
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Streets were renamed to avoid the use of the German language
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Germans suffered in their careers due to prejudices against them
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">More jobs for women and African Americans
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1 million women entered the workforce
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Woman’s Bureaus were set up
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Great Migration of African American from south to north occurred
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As Immigration had been cut, there were more opportunities for jobs
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Espionage Act
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, support America's enemies during wartime, promote insubordination in the military, or interfere with military recruitment.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the act did not violate the free of speech right in the case of <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> // Schenck v. United States //.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sedition Act of 1918
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces, and prohibited anything else that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It applied only to times "when the United States is in war"
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Repealed in 1920
 * __Ottoman Empire:__**

In the beginning, the war was waged easily. Although many soldiers went to die, it was no more than anyone expected from war. However, unrest began to stir when the first winter arrived. Germany and Turkey had blockaded the Baltic Sea and the Dardanelles respectively, so Russia was not able to export or import any necessary goods as the Artic and northern Pacific were frozen over. It was difficult to secure supplies from the surrounding lands under Russian control because Germany had been spreading independence propaganda, rendering these aspiring countries uncooperative. Russia was fast losing economic and colonial power. When spring came about, many people were relieved that the situation was no longer critical. Their attitudes changed, however, when the government seized control of all production and transportation facilities and destroyed the open market. The justification was the necessity of allocating resources in troubled war times. The food shortages resulted in rationing, and the unrest grew. There were threats of labor shortages, so the government passed legislation authorizing limitations on workers’ rights. Although the foreign trade was limited to “neutral” countries, the foreign countries took advantage of Russia and made her more and more dependent on them. As a result, domestic markets suffered. When it was clear the war would not be over in the promised time, and it was no longer even a sure victory, riots began in the major cities of Russia. In February of 1917, Czar Nicholas II resigned his throne and gave it to his brother. His brother, however, would not rule unless he had the consent of the people. He didn’t get it. A provisional government was appointed, and this government did a worse job than the monarchy. The Bolshevik party was rising in power at this time because it advocated education and actually began education, promised a redistribution of wealth so no one would be poor, and generally seemed to be more just people than the current officials. November 6-7 of 1918 saw the overthrowing of the provisional government by the Bolshevik Party. The next year in 1918, the **Treaty of Brent-Litovsk** was signed. It was a treaty between Russia and Germany that allowed the government to piece together the crumbling Russian nation, but also lost lands of significant importance.
 * __Russia:__**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Serbia was a rural society, with little more than no mineral or industrial resources and less than 10,000 people in manufacturing. The economy relied on exports of food to Germany, Turkey, and Austro-Hungary. During the Balkan war in 1912, Serbia, Germany, Bulgaria, and Montenegro won several victories over Turkey. The next year, Bulgaria, disappointed by the terms of the Treaty of London, attacked Greek and Serbian forces, but was defeated by Romania. The subsequent peace treaty doubled the size of Serbia and gave Greece control over most of the Aegean coast. After the war Serbia had a population of 4.5 million. All males aged between 21 and 46 were liable for compulsory military service, and by 1914 the Serbian Army contained about 260,000 men.
 * __Serbia:__**


 * __Italy:__**


 * ==﻿Initiallly started with Germany & Austria-Hungary==
 * ==waited to see how war played out; joined the Entente in April 1915==
 * ==socialist vs. nationalists: socialists wanted to stay out of war and nationalists wanted to enter==
 * ==Mussolini against it; changed his mind; kicked out of Socialist Party, but had many followers==
 * ==April 26, 1915: Italy entered war==
 * ==signed secret Treaty of London: Britain offered Italy vast amounts of land==
 * ==Britain and France wanted Italy because new front could open southern part of Western Front==
 * ==But since Italy's army sucked; bad idea==
 * ==diaster of Caporetto: brought shame and a loss of troops==
 * ==end of war: Versailles screwed them over; no land like promised in Treaty of London==

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