HOA+Terms+(Unit+2)

HOA Terms Fourteen Points – a series of principles written by Wilson as a basis for ending the first World War and creating a more peaceful and progressive world.

Bolshevism – A radical, revolutionary movement under the leadership of Lenin which seized power in Russia in 1917. It promoted an anti-capitalist philosophy and supported world revolution and class warfare.

Realpolitik – an approach to international relations based on practical self-interest rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Self-determination – the principle that countries should be established according to the wishes of the people concerned.

League of Nations – An international organization created in 1919. It was designed to provide a method of resolving international tensions in a peaceful manner through the concept of collective security.

Collective Security – Making the security concerns of one nation the concern of all

Reparations – Payments made by a defeated country to the victorious countries as compensation for war damages and punishment for aggression.

Covenant of the League of Nations – The agreement that all countries signed upon entering the League verifying the principles of the League

War Guilt Clause – Article 231 of the peace treaty, in which Germany was supposedly totally responsible for the war

Diktat – German term for the ToV which they were forced to sign without negotiation. This is a large part of the anti-V resentment

John Maynard Keynes – Treasury Official of the British delegation to the Versailles Treaty Conferences in Paris, also prominent economist who wrote a book condemning ToV as more damaging than helpful.

Article X – An article from the covenant in which members agreed to use their power to resist aggression wherever it might occur

Carthaginian Peace – Extremely harsh treatment of a defeated power designed to permanently eliminate as a future threat.

Treaty of Rapallo – a treaty signed between Germany and the USSR of mutual assistance. Allowed Germany to develop weapons

Mandate system Polish Corridor – A strip of territory that became part of Poland and split Germany form East Prussia. It was so the new Polish territory could have a port on the Baltic

Little Entente – An alliance of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania in 1921 to safeguard their independence from larger, imperialistic territories. France tried to develop this into a counter-balance to German power.

Teschen – an area of rich mineral resources claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia. They had engaged in hostilities over it in 1918. This ruined their relations.

Ruhr Crisis – Ruhrs were coal mines and the center of German industry occupied by France and Belgium in 1923 to force Germany to pay war reparations. This alarmed the German populace.

Dawes Plan – Created by the US in order to restore economic and political stability to Germany by lending them money.

Anglo-American Guarantee – A treaty proposed after the first world war in which the US and Britain would guarantee to defend France against German aggression, but was never passed due to the US Senate.

Washington Naval Conference – Naval peace talks between America, Britain, and Japan. The former wanted the largest navy in the world without having to spend too much money, and the other two could not afford a runaway arms race.

London Naval Conference – Made minor revisions to the previous treaty, and restrictions on submarine warfare were placed. The success was partially due to the Great Depression and a general reluctance to use money for military purposes.

London Naval Treaty – Renewal of the treaty made at the London naval conference. The Japanese and Italians walked out because they thought they were being deprived of equal markets.

Geneva Disarmament Conference 1932-4 – It was a failure. The Treaty of Versailles was brought up and supposedly needed revising. There was a fine line between offensive and defensive weapons. Very few nations were comfortable with reducing their armaments in the first place.

Weimar government – the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place.

Policy of fulfillment – policy of German support with ToV in order to gain concessions from the Allies in the future

Locarno Treaty – Agreement signed by UK, France, Germany, Belgium in which Germany agrees to have her boarders where determined by the ToV

Appeasement – A policy practiced by the UK and France in late 1930s that sought to avoid war with Germany by revising the ToV to eliminate the clauses Germany didn’t like. Held that reasonable revisions and negations were best way to peace.

Stresa Front – Agreement signed by UK, France, and Italy to maintain the Locarno Treaty and support the independence of Austria. Might have deterred Hitler but failed due the Abyssinian Crisis.

Hoare-Laval Pact – A plan devised by British and French to settle Abyssinian crisis and avoid losing Italy to Hitler. Failed because of little public support and Mussolini wanted all of Abyssinia.